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Objective Lens Market

Objective Lens Market (Type: Achromat, Apochromat, and Fluorite; Immersion: Air, Oil, Water, and Glycerine; Magnification; Application; and End-use Industry) - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2021-2031

Objective Lens Market Outlook 2031

  • The global objective lens market was valued over US$ 3.1 Bn in 2020
  • It is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 5.1% from 2021 to 2031
  • The global objective lens market is expected to surpass the value of US$ 5.3 Bn by the end of 2031

Analysts’ Viewpoint on Objective Lens Market Scenario

Companies are concentrating on positive or limited negative-impact industries such as microscopy, semiconductor, and health-tech amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to keep the economies running. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) imaging microscopes are being manufactured using the best materials and the electronics technology. However, imaging challenges involving low distortion in scan lenses and zoom lens systems are inhibiting the growth of the objective lens market. Hence, companies should acquire proficiency in customizable objective lenses for researchers and OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturers) customers in order to boost the uptake of objective lenses. In addition, automated digital microscopy is transforming the field of modern biomedical applications and life sciences.

Objective Lenses Gain Prominence in High-precision Automated Digital Microscopes

Automated digital microscopy and fluorescence imaging is playing a pivotal role in modern biomedical applications and diagnostic instruments. Instrument development and contract manufacturers are creating awareness about automated digital microscopy & fluorescence imaging concepts with the help of online videos. Thus, the booming digital marketing space is increasing the visibility of microscopes with objective lenses. Thus, companies in the objective lens market should explore untapped opportunities in online sales and digital marketing to increase the uptake of objective lenses.

Cell imaging instruments, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) sequencers, and digital pathology scanners are generating stable revenue streams for companies in the objective lens market. Manufacturers are focusing on improving the performance of objective lenses that are being pervasively used in high-precision automated digital microscopes.

Rapidly Growing Research Activities Catalyzing Demand for Lenses amid Coronavirus Crisis

Companies in the market are increasing awareness about handling and disinfecting microscope products in order to contain the spread of the coronavirus. Manufacturers of optics and imaging products are educating its users about WHO (World Health Organization) guidelines for general handling and disinfection of microscope products. As such, local medical authorities and relevant organizations are also following the WHO guidelines to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus.

Since R&D activities in labs and research centers have intensified over the past couple of months, companies in the objective lens market are capitalizing on this trend to increase the availability of objective lens products. The unprecedented demand for vaccines and drugs that reduce the severity of COVID-19 and its possible variants in patients is another key factor for increased sales of objective lenses. On the other hand, many disinfectant formulations are not compatible with objective lens products. Hence, manufacturers are advising users to follow user manual guidelines for cleaning and disinfection of objective lenses.

Innovations in Optics & Photonics Technologies Contributing to Market Expansion

The growing demand for improved image flatness and numerical aperture has triggered innovations in objective lenses. For instance, Japan-based optical product companies are acquiring global recognition for their objectives that are a breakthrough innovation in optics and photonics technologies. Companies in the objective lens market are increasing their R&D activities in new manufacturing technologies in order to gain a competitive edge over other market players.

New manufacturing technologies help improve image flatness and correct the chromatic aberration. Users in the medical and research field are benefitting from improved objective lenses, owing to their advantageous qualities of acquiring bright and high-quality images. The competition in the objective lens market is intensifying, as manufacturers are increasing their availability of lenses that deliver improved quantitative data acquisition. Latest series of lenses accelerate the speed of creating large and stitched images.

Metrology and Semiconductor Applications Generating Stable Income Streams

The objective lens market is projected to grow at a modest CAGR throughout the assessment period. Innovative designs in objective lenses are revolutionizing the field of industrial metrology and other vision systems. Demanding metrology applications such as interferometers require objective lenses with minimal tolerances in order to achieve valid measurement results. Manufacturers in the objective lens market are using classical CAD (Computer-aided Design) software to innovate in mechanical designs of objective lenses.

Manufacturers are catering to specific requirements of industrial users such as introducing special mounting techniques in objective lenses for low-stress interfaces of optical and mechanical parts. The growing use in semiconductor applications such as special gluing of components is acting as a key driver for market growth. Hence, companies are innovating in new designs for objective lenses by adopting special mounting strategies and flexure hinges to ensure performance in variable-temperature environments.

Objective Lens Market: Overview

  • According to Transparency Market Research’s latest research report on the global objective lens market for the historical period 2017–2019 and the forecast period 2021–2031, rising demand from the semiconductor industry and advancements in objective lens manufacturing techniques are expected to boost the global objective lens market during the forecast period

Growing Demand from Semiconductor Industry: Key Driver of Global Objective Lens Market

  • Consistent rise in the demand for smaller structure in semiconductor production area has opened new applications for optic systems for digital imaging in semiconductor inspection devices. Semiconductor devices are manufactured at nanoscale level, and microscopes are utilized for semiconductor inspection at manufacturing places where high resolution is expected. Microscopy has become an indispensable technique, enabling high-resolution imaging with a quick turnaround time. The microscope is able to cover a very wide scale range for evaluating everything from a packaged device to the atomic level gate structure. PCB inspection microscopes are also helping accurate inspection while quality monitoring, but poor vision may lead to inefficiency in the devices. Rapid surface inspection and analysis of wafers ensures an optimal performance for fabricated semiconductor devices. Thus, high level imaging system for semiconductor is estimated to contribute to R&D as well. Investments in semiconductor equipment are projected to remain above US$ 3 Bn in 2022 across the globe, with the foundry sector accounting for more than half of the spending.
  • Moreover, key players are launching new products for semiconductor wafer inspection to gain a competitive edge in the market. For instance, in November 2020, KYOCERA SOC Corporation launched the MI series of objective lenses for mask / wafer inspection have co-functioning with a wide field of view, long working distance, and aberration-free, which results in high suitability for semiconductor photomask/wafer inspection. Thus, all these factors are expected to propel the objective lens market.

Rise in Advancement in Objective Lens Manufacturing Techniques Drives Global Market

  • Microscope objectives are perhaps the most important part of an optical microscope, as they are responsible for primary image generation and play a key role in defining the quality of images that the microscope is capable of producing. It is the most difficult component to design and assemble of an optical microscope. It is also the first component that light encounters, as it proceeds from the specimen to the image plane.
  • The new lens polishing technology has enabled lens manufacturers to develop convex lenses with ultra-thin edges as well as ultra-thin concave lenses. The shape of the lens captures light at a wider angle than conventional lenses. More lenses can be packaged in each objective housing because they are so thin, which increases the NA, image flatness, and chromatic correction range. The new objective manufacturing technology has improved image flatness, as compared to conventional objectives, which is beneficial for whole slide imaging applications.
  • Major manufacturers are engaged in offering advanced objectives for various applications. For instance, an Olympus offers X Line objective, the UPLXAPO20X, has a numerical aperture of 0.80, which significantly improved image flatness in the entire FOV and improved resolution, as compared to a conventional objective. Therefore, these factors are anticipated to propel the market.

Objective Lens Market: Competition Landscape

  • Detailed profiles of providers of objective lens have been provided in the report to evaluate their financials, key product offerings, recent developments, and strategies
  • Key players operating in the global objective lens market are
    • JENOPTIK AG
    • KYOCERA SOC Corporation
    • Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH
    • Nikon Instruments Inc.
    • Leica Microsystems
    • Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
    • OLYMPUS CORPORATION
    • Newport Corporation
    • Mitutoyo Corporation
    • Meiji Techno Co., Ltd.
    • Thorlabs, Inc.

Objective Lens Market: Key Developments

  • Key providers of objective lens, such as JENOPTIK AG, KYOCERA SOC Corporation, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Nikon Instruments Inc., Leica Microsystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., and OLYMPUS CORPORATION, are focused on the design of cost-effective objective lens products to attract more customers. Other key developments in the global objective lens market have been highlighted below:
    • In December 2021, Nikon Instruments Inc. launched 7 models of CFI Plan Apochromat Lambda D Series objective lens for biological microscopes that support observation with a large 25 mm field of view and enable chromatic aberration correction across a wide wavelength range
    • In June 2021, KYOCERA SOC Corporation launched new products WD40mm with NA0.6 for super long working distance immersion objective. The long working distance enables for deep observation of big transparent specimens. It is suitable for use in light sheet microscope.
  • In the global objective lens market report, we have discussed individual strategies, followed by company profiles of providers of objective lens products. The ‘Competition Landscape’ section has been included in the report to provide readers with a dashboard view and company market share analysis of key players operating in the global objective lens market.

Objective Lens Market Snapshot

Attribute

Detail

Market Size Value in 2020 (Base Year)

US$ 3,149.2 Mn

Market Forecast Value in 2031

US$ 5,338.0 Mn

Growth Rate (CAGR)

5.1%

Forecast Period

2021-2031

Quantitative Units

US$ Mn for Value and Thousand Units for Volume

Market analysis

It includes cross segment analysis at the global as well as regional level. Furthermore, qualitative analysis includes drivers, restraints, opportunities, key trends, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, supply chain analysis, parent industry overview, etc.

Competition Landscape
  • Market Share Analysis by Company (2020)
  • Company profiles include overview, product portfolio, sales footprint, key subsidiaries or distributors, strategy & recent developments, key financials, etc.

Format

Electronic (PDF) or word + Excel

Regions Covered
  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Middle East & Africa
  • South America

Countries Covered
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Germany
  • U.K.
  • France
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • ASEAN
  • GCC Countries
  • South Africa
  • Brazil

Market Segmentation
  • Type
    • Achromat
    • Apochromat
    • Fluorite
  • Immersion
    • Air
    • Oil
    • Water
    • Glycerine
  • Magnification
    • 1x - 10x
    • 16x - 40x
    • 50x - 100x
    • Above 100x
  • Application
    • Microscopy
      • Confocal Microscopy
      • Optical Metrology
      • Forensics Research
      • Asbestos
      • Others (Microdissection, Environmental Monitoring, etc.)
    • Semiconductor Inspection System
    • Laser Processing Machine
    • Others (Telescopes, Education, etc.)
  • End-use Industry
    • Healthcare & Life Sciences
    • Semiconductor & Electronics
    • Industrial
    • Others (Automotive, Academia, etc.)

Companies Profiled
  • JENOPTIK AG
  • KYOCERA SOC Corporation
  • Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH
  • Nikon Instruments Inc.
  • Leica Microsystems
  • Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
  • OLYMPUS CORPORATION
  • Newport Corporation
  • Mitutoyo Corporation
  • Meiji Techno Co., Ltd.
  • Thorlabs, Inc.

Customization Scope

Available upon Request

Pricing

Available upon Request

1. Preface

    1.1. Market Introduction

    1.2. Market and Segments Definition

    1.3. Market Taxonomy

    1.4. Research Methodology

    1.5. Assumption and Acronyms

2. Executive Summary

    2.1. Global Objective Lens Market Analysis and Forecast

    2.2. Regional Outline

    2.3. Market Dynamics Snapshot

    2.4. Competition Blueprint

3. Market Dynamics

    3.1. Macro-economic Factors

    3.2. Key Market Indicator

    3.3. Drivers

        3.3.1. Economic Drivers

        3.3.2. Supply Side Drivers

        3.3.3. Demand Side Drivers

    3.4. Market Restraints and Opportunities

    3.5. Market Trends

        3.5.1. Demand Side

        3.5.2. Supply Side

4. Associated Industry and Key Indicator Assessment

    4.1. Parent Industry Overview – Optical Microscopy Industry Overview

    4.2. Supply Chain Analysis

    4.3. Technology Roadmap Analysis

    4.4. Industry SWOT Analysis

    4.5. Porter Five Forces Analysis

    4.6. Regulatory Framework

    4.7. COVID-19 Impact Analysis

5. Global Objective Lens Market Analysis, by Type

    5.1. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units) Analysis and Forecast, by Type, 2017–2031

        5.1.1. Achromat

        5.1.2. Apochromat

        5.1.3. Fluorite

    5.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Type

6. Global Objective Lens Market Analysis, by Immersion

    6.1. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Immersion, 2017–2031

        6.1.1. Air

        6.1.2. Oil

        6.1.3. Water

        6.1.4. Glycerine

    6.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Immersion

7. Global Objective Lens Market Analysis, by Magnification

    7.1. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Magnification, 2017–2031

        7.1.1. 1x - 10x

        7.1.2. 16x - 40x

        7.1.3. 50x - 100x

        7.1.4. Above 100x

    7.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Magnification

8. Global Objective Lens Market Analysis, by Application

    8.1. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031

        8.1.1. Microscopy

            8.1.1.1. Confocal Microscopy

            8.1.1.2. Optical Metrology

            8.1.1.3. Forensics Research

            8.1.1.4. Asbestos

            8.1.1.5. Others (Microdissection, Environmental Monitoring, etc.)

        8.1.2. Semiconductor Inspection System

        8.1.3. Laser Processing Machine

        8.1.4. Others (Telescopes, Education, etc.)

    8.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Application

9. Global Objective Lens Market Analysis, by End-use Industry

    9.1. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by End-use Industry, 2017–2031

        9.1.1. Healthcare & Life Science

        9.1.2. Semiconductor & Electronics

        9.1.3. Industrial

        9.1.4. Others (Automotive, Academia, etc.)

    9.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by End-use Industry

10. Global Objective Lens Market Analysis and Forecast, by Region

    10.1. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units) Analysis and Forecast, by Region, 2017–2031

        10.1.1. North America

        10.1.2. Europe

        10.1.3. Asia Pacific

        10.1.4. Middle East & Africa

        10.1.5. South America

    10.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Region

11. North America Objective Lens Market Analysis and Forecast

    11.1. Market Snapshot

    11.2. Drivers and Restraints: Impact Analysis

    11.3. Pricing Analysis

    11.4. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units) Analysis and Forecast, by Type, 2017–2031

        11.4.1. Achromat

        11.4.2. Apochromat

        11.4.3. Fluorite

    11.5. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Immersion, 2017–2031

        11.5.1. Air

        11.5.2. Oil

        11.5.3. Water

        11.5.4. Glycerine

    11.6. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Magnification, 2017–2031

        11.6.1. 1x - 10x

        11.6.2. 16x - 40x

        11.6.3. 50x - 100x

        11.6.4. Above 100x

    11.7. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031

        11.7.1. Microscopy

            11.7.1.1. Confocal Microscopy

            11.7.1.2. Optical Metrology

            11.7.1.3. Forensics Research

            11.7.1.4. Asbestos

            11.7.1.5. Others (Microdissection, Environmental Monitoring, etc.)

        11.7.2. Semiconductor Inspection System

        11.7.3. Laser Processing Machine

        11.7.4. Others (Telescopes, Education, etc.)

    11.8. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by End-use Industry, 2017–2031

        11.8.1. Healthcare & Life Science

        11.8.2. Semiconductor & Electronics

        11.8.3. Industrial

        11.8.4. Others (Automotive, Academia, etc.)

    11.9. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units)  Analysis and Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, 2017–2031

        11.9.1. U.S.

        11.9.2. Canada

        11.9.3. Rest of North America

    11.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        11.10.1. By Type

        11.10.2. By Immersion

        11.10.3. By Magnification

        11.10.4. By Application

        11.10.5. By End-use Industry

        11.10.6. By Country & Sub-region

12. Europe Objective Lens Market Analysis and Forecast

    12.1. Market Snapshot

    12.2. Drivers and Restraints: Impact Analysis

    12.3. Pricing Analysis

    12.4. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units) Analysis and Forecast, by Type, 2017–2031

        12.4.1. Achromat

        12.4.2. Apochromat

        12.4.3. Fluorite

    12.5. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Immersion, 2017–2031

        12.5.1. Air

        12.5.2. Oil

        12.5.3. Water

        12.5.4. Glycerine

    12.6. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Magnification, 2017–2031

        12.6.1. 1x - 10x

        12.6.2. 16x - 40x

        12.6.3. 50x - 100x

        12.6.4. Above 100x

    12.7. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031

        12.7.1. Microscopy

            12.7.1.1. Confocal Microscopy

            12.7.1.2. Optical Metrology

            12.7.1.3. Forensics Research

            12.7.1.4. Asbestos

            12.7.1.5. Others (Microdissection, Environmental Monitoring, etc.)

        12.7.2. Semiconductor Inspection System

        12.7.3. Laser Processing Machine

        12.7.4. Others (Telescopes, Education, etc.)

    12.8. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by End-use Industry, 2017–2031

        12.8.1. Healthcare & Life Science

        12.8.2. Semiconductor & Electronics

        12.8.3. Industrial

        12.8.4. Others (Automotive, Academia, etc.)

    12.9. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units) Analysis and Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, 2017–2031

        12.9.1. U.K.

        12.9.2. Germany

        12.9.3. France

        12.9.4. Rest of Europe

    12.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        12.10.1. By Type

        12.10.2. By Immersion

        12.10.3. By Magnification

        12.10.4. By Application

        12.10.5. By End-use Industry

        12.10.6. By Country & Sub-region

13. Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Analysis and Forecast

    13.1. Market Snapshot

    13.2. Drivers and Restraints: Impact Analysis

    13.3. Pricing Analysis

    13.4. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units) Analysis and Forecast, by Type, 2017–2031

        13.4.1. Achromat

        13.4.2. Apochromat

        13.4.3. Fluorite

    13.5. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Immersion, 2017–2031

        13.5.1. Air

        13.5.2. Oil

        13.5.3. Water

        13.5.4. Glycerine

    13.6. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Magnification, 2017–2031

        13.6.1. 1x - 10x

        13.6.2. 16x - 40x

        13.6.3. 50x - 100x

        13.6.4. Above 100x

    13.7. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031

        13.7.1. Microscopy

            13.7.1.1. Confocal Microscopy

            13.7.1.2. Optical Metrology

            13.7.1.3. Forensics Research

            13.7.1.4. Asbestos

            13.7.1.5. Others (Microdissection, Environmental Monitoring, etc.)

        13.7.2. Semiconductor Inspection System

        13.7.3. Laser Processing Machine

        13.7.4. Others (Telescopes, Education, etc.)

    13.8. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by End-use Industry, 2017–2031

        13.8.1. Healthcare & Life Science

        13.8.2. Semiconductor & Electronics

        13.8.3. Industrial

        13.8.4. Others (Automotive, Academia, etc.)

    13.9. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units)  Analysis and Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, 2017–2031

        13.9.1. China

        13.9.2. India

        13.9.3. Japan

        13.9.4. South Korea

        13.9.5. ASEAN

        13.9.6. Rest of Asia Pacific

    13.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        13.10.1. By Type

        13.10.2. By Immersion

        13.10.3. By Magnification

        13.10.4. By Application

        13.10.5. By End-use Industry

        13.10.6. By Country & Sub-region

14. Middle East & Africa (MEA) Objective Lens Market Analysis and Forecast

    14.1. Market Snapshot

    14.2. Drivers and Restraints: Impact Analysis

    14.3. Pricing Analysis

    14.4. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units) Analysis and Forecast, by Type, 2017–2031

        14.4.1. Achromat

        14.4.2. Apochromat

        14.4.3. Fluorite

    14.5. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Immersion, 2017–2031

        14.5.1. Air

        14.5.2. Oil

        14.5.3. Water

        14.5.4. Glycerine

    14.6. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Magnification, 2017–2031

        14.6.1. 1x - 10x

        14.6.2. 16x - 40x

        14.6.3. 50x - 100x

        14.6.4. Above 100x

    14.7. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031

        14.7.1. Microscopy

            14.7.1.1. Confocal Microscopy

            14.7.1.2. Optical Metrology

            14.7.1.3. Forensics Research

            14.7.1.4. Asbestos

            14.7.1.5. Others (Microdissection, Environmental Monitoring, etc.)

        14.7.2. Semiconductor Inspection System

        14.7.3. Laser Processing Machine

        14.7.4. Others (Telescopes, Education, etc.)

    14.8. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by End-use Industry, 2017–2031

        14.8.1. Healthcare & Life Science

        14.8.2. Semiconductor & Electronics

        14.8.3. Industrial

        14.8.4. Others (Automotive, Academia, etc.)

    14.9. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units)  Analysis and Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, 2017–2031

        14.9.1. GCC

        14.9.2. South Africa

        14.9.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa

    14.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        14.10.1. By Type

        14.10.2. By Immersion

        14.10.3. By Magnification

        14.10.4. By Application

        14.10.5. By End-use Industry

        14.10.6. By Country & Sub-region

15. South America Objective Lens Market Analysis and Forecast

    15.1. Market Snapshot

    15.2. Drivers and Restraints: Impact Analysis

    15.3. Pricing Analysis

    15.4. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units) Analysis and Forecast, by Type, 2017–2031

        15.4.1. Achromat

        15.4.2. Apochromat

        15.4.3. Fluorite

    15.5. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Immersion, 2017–2031

        15.5.1. Air

        15.5.2. Oil

        15.5.3. Water

        15.5.4. Glycerine

    15.6. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Magnification, 2017–2031

        15.6.1. 1x - 10x

        15.6.2. 16x - 40x

        15.6.3. 50x - 100x

        15.6.4. Above 100x

    15.7. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031

        15.7.1. Microscopy

            15.7.1.1. Confocal Microscopy

            15.7.1.2. Optical Metrology

            15.7.1.3. Forensics Research

            15.7.1.4. Asbestos

            15.7.1.5. Others (Microdissection, Environmental Monitoring, etc.)

        15.7.2. Semiconductor Inspection System

        15.7.3. Laser Processing Machine

        15.7.4. Others (Telescopes, Education, etc.)

    15.8. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, by End-use Industry, 2017–2031

        15.8.1. Healthcare & Life Science

        15.8.2. Semiconductor & Electronics

        15.8.3. Industrial

        15.8.4. Others (Automotive, Academia, etc.)

    15.9. Objective Lens Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousand Units) Analysis and Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, 2017–2031

        15.9.1. Brazil

        15.9.2. Rest of South America

    15.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        15.10.1. By Type

        15.10.2. By Immersion

        15.10.3. By Magnification

        15.10.4. By Application

        15.10.5. By End-use Industry

        15.10.6. By Country & Sub-region

16. Competition Assessment

    16.1. Global Objective Lens Market Competition Matrix - a Dashboard View

        16.1.1. Global Objective Lens Market Company Share Analysis, by Value (2020)

        16.1.2. Technological Differentiator

17. Company Profiles (Manufacturers/Suppliers)

    17.1. Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH

        17.1.1. Overview

        17.1.2. Product Portfolio

        17.1.3. Sales Footprint

        17.1.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.1.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.1.6. Key Financials

    17.2. JENOPTIK AG

        17.2.1. Overview

        17.2.2. Product Portfolio

        17.2.3. Sales Footprint

        17.2.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.2.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.2.6. Key Financials

    17.3. KYOCERA SOC Corporation

        17.3.1. Overview

        17.3.2. Product Portfolio

        17.3.3. Sales Footprint

        17.3.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.3.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.3.6. Key Financials

    17.4. Leica Microsystems

        17.4.1. Overview

        17.4.2. Product Portfolio

        17.4.3. Sales Footprint

        17.4.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.4.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.4.6. Key Financials

    17.5. Meiji Techno Co., Ltd.

        17.5.1. Overview

        17.5.2. Product Portfolio

        17.5.3. Sales Footprint

        17.5.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.5.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.5.6. Key Financials

    17.6. Mitutoyo Corporation

        17.6.1. Overview

        17.6.2. Product Portfolio

        17.6.3. Sales Footprint

        17.6.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.6.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.6.6. Key Financials

    17.7. Newport Corporation

        17.7.1. Overview

        17.7.2. Product Portfolio

        17.7.3. Sales Footprint

        17.7.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.7.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.7.6. Key Financials

    17.8. Nikon Instruments Inc.

        17.8.1. Overview

        17.8.2. Product Portfolio

        17.8.3. Sales Footprint

        17.8.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.8.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.8.6. Key Financials

    17.9. OLYMPUS CORPORATION

        17.9.1. Overview

        17.9.2. Product Portfolio

        17.9.3. Sales Footprint

        17.9.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.9.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.9.6. Key Financials

    17.10. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.

        17.10.1. Overview

        17.10.2. Product Portfolio

        17.10.3. Sales Footprint

        17.10.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.10.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.10.6. Key Financials

    17.11. Thorlabs, Inc.

        17.11.1. Overview

        17.11.2. Product Portfolio

        17.11.3. Sales Footprint

        17.11.4. Key Subsidiaries or Distributors

        17.11.5. Strategy and Recent Developments

        17.11.6. Key Financials

18. Recommendation

    18.1. Opportunity Assessment

        18.1.1. By Type

        18.1.2. By Immersion

        18.1.3. By Magnification

        18.1.4. By Application

        18.1.5. By End-use Industry

        18.1.6. By Region

List of Tables

Table 01: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 02: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 03: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Immersion (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 04: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Magnification (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 05: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 06: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 07: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Region, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 08: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Region, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 09: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 10: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 11: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Immersion (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 12: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Magnification (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 13: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 14: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 15: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country, Value (USD Million), 2017–2031

Table 16: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 17: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 18: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 19: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Immersion (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 20: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Magnification (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 21: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 22: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 23: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 24: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 25: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 26: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 27: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Immersion (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 28: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Magnification (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 29: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 30: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 31: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 32: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 33: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 34: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 35: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Immersion (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 36: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Magnification (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 37: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 38: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 39: Middle East & Africa (MEA) Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 40: Middle East & Africa (MEA) Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 41: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 42: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Type, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Table 43: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Immersion (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 44: South Africa Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Magnification (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 45: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 46: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 47: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Table 48: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

List of Figures

Figure 01: Global Objective Lens Price Trend Analysis (Average Price, US$) (Thousand Dollars)

Figure 02: Global Objective Lens Market, Y-O-Y Growth 2017–2031

Figure 03: Global Objective Lens Market, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 04: Global Objective Lens Market, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Figure 05: Global Objective Lens Market Projections, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 06: Global Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 07: Global Objective Lens Market Share, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 08: Global Objective Lens Market Projections, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 09: Global Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 10: Global Objective Lens Market Share, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 11: Global Objective Lens Market Projections, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 12: Global Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 13: Global Objective Lens Market Share, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 14: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 15: Global Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 16: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 17: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 18: Global Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 19: Global Objective Lens Market Share Analysis, by End-use Industry, 2021 and 2031

Figure 20: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Region, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 21: Global Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Region, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 22: Global Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Region, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 23: North America Objective Lens Market, Y-O-Y Growth, 2017–2031

Figure 24: North America Objective Lens Market, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 25: North America Objective Lens Market, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Figure 26: North America Objective Lens Market, Price Trend, 2017–2031

Figure 27: North America Objective Lens Market Projections, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 28: North America Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 29: North America Objective Lens Market Share, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 30: North America Objective Lens Market Projections, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 31: North America Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 32: North America Objective Lens Market Share, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 33: North America Objective Lens Market Projections, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 34: North America Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 35: North America Objective Lens Market Share, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 36: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 37: North America Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 38: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 39: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 40: North America Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 41: North America Objective Lens Market Share Analysis, by End-use Industry, 2021 and 2031

Figure 42: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 43: North America Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 44: North America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 45: Europe Objective Lens Market, Y-O-Y Growth, 2017–2031

Figure 46: Europe Objective Lens Market, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 47: Europe Objective Lens Market, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Figure 48: Europe Objective Lens Market, Price Trend

Figure 49: Europe Objective Lens Market Projections, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 50: Europe Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 51: Europe Objective Lens Market Share, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 52: Europe Objective Lens Market Projections, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 53: Europe Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 54: Europe Objective Lens Market Share, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 55: Europe Objective Lens Market Projections, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 56: Europe Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 57: Europe Objective Lens Market Share, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 58: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 59: Europe Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 60: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 61: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 62: Europe Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 63: Europe Objective Lens Market Share Analysis, by End-use Industry, 2021 and 2031

Figure 64: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 65: Europe Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 66: Europe Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 67: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market, Y-O-Y Growth, 2017–2031

Figure 68: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 69: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Figure 70: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market, Price Trend

Figure 71: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Projections, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 72: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 73: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Share, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 74: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Projections, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 75: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 76: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Share, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 77: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Projections, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 78: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 79: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Share, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 80: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 81: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 82: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 83: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 84: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 85: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Share Analysis, by End-use Industry, 2021 and 2031

Figure 86: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 87: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 88: Asia Pacific Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 89: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market, Y-O-Y Growth, 2017–2031

Figure 90: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 91: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Figure 92: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market, Price Trend

Figure 93: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Projections, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 94: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 95: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Share, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 96: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Projections, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 97: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 98: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Share, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 99: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Projections, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 100: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 101: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Share, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 102: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 103: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 104: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 105: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 106: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 107: Middle East & Africa Objective Lens Market Share Analysis, by End-use Industry, 2021 and 2031

Figure 108: Middle East & Africa (MEA) Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 109: Middle East & Africa (MEA)Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 110: Middle East & Africa (MEA) Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 111: South America Objective Lens Market, Y-O-Y Growth, 2017–2031

Figure 112: South America Objective Lens Market, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 113: South America Objective Lens Market, Volume (Thousand Units), 2017–2031

Figure 114: South America Objective Lens Market, Price Trend

Figure 115: South America Objective Lens Market Projections, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 116: South America Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 117: South America Objective Lens Market Share, by Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 118: South America Objective Lens Market Projections, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 119: South America Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 120: South America Objective Lens Market Share, by Immersion, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 121: South Africa Objective Lens Market Projections, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 122: South Africa Objective Lens Market, Incremental Opportunity, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 123: South Africa Objective Lens Market Share, by Magnification, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 124: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 125: South America Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 126: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 127: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by End-use Industry, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 128: South America Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by End-use Industry, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 129: South America Objective Lens Market Share Analysis, by End-use Industry, 2021 and 2031

Figure 130: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017–2031

Figure 131: South America Objective Lens Market Attractiveness, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

Figure 132: South America Objective Lens Market Size & Forecast, by Country & Sub-region, Value (US$ Mn), 2021 – 2031

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