High-speed Rail Coating Market

High-speed Rail Coating Market (Material: Acrylic, Epoxy, Polyurethane, Plastisol, Polyester, Fluoropolymer, and Others; and Technology: Water-based and Solvent-based) - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2024-2034

High-speed Rail Coating Market Outlook 2034

  • The global industry was valued at US$ 736.7 Mn in 2023
  • It is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2024 to 2034 and reach US$ 1.3 Bn by the end of 2034

Analyst Viewpoint

Increase in investment in high-speed rail projects is driving the high-speed rail coating market demand. Governments in major countries worldwide are seeking to improve transportation efficiency and reduce travel times.

Aerodynamic train coatings play a major role in protecting the high-speed rail infrastructure from corrosion, wear, and weathering. This helps extend the lifespan of infrastructure and mitigate maintenance costs.

R&D of advanced coatings is augmenting the high-speed rail coating market value. Nano-coatings are gaining traction as they are economically affordable. The emergence of COVID-19 has led to a rise in the development of antimicrobial coatings.

Key players operating in the high-speed rail coating market landscape are regularly certifying their products to ensure high-quality standards and high performance. They are equipping themselves with international certifications for tailored solutions for local and long-distance passenger and freight trains.

Market Introduction

The high-speed rail coating market size is driven by R&D in materials and technologies to enhance the durability and performance of rail infrastructure. Acrylic, epoxy, polyurethane, plastisol, polyester, and fluoropolymer are various coating materials used in high-speed rail infrastructure.

Fabric-reinforced acrylic coatings are designed for weather-proofing the roofs of rail cars. Epoxy coatings offer long-term corrosion protection and excellent fire performance properties. They are also known for their good resistance to abrasion and mechanical damage.

Water-based and solvent-based formulations are the two types of coating technologies employed for high-speed rail infrastructure. Polyurethane is a lightweight material employed as a waterproof coating to offer superior waterproofing and protection to railway bridges.

Plastisol is a PVC-type coating in plasticizing liquids. In powder form, it is used to provide protection for hardware, automotive fasteners, tool handles, latches, and other parts. Fluoropolymer coating systems are ideal for protection against chemical wear and tear. They also offer corrosion protection and low friction.

Attribute Detail
Drivers
  • Increase in Investment in High-speed Rail Projects
  • R&D of Advanced Coatings

Increase in Investment in High-speed Rail Projects Propelling High-speed Rail Coating Market Development

Major cities across the globe are investing in high-speed rail to provide fast and reliable passenger service. In 2023, a pair of high-speed rail projects in Nevada and California received over US$ 6 Bn in federal funding for high-speed rail.

The high-speed rail projects are part of US$ 8 Bn in funding for passenger rail. In March 2024, the US Congress introduced a bill investing US$ 205 Bn into a high-speed rail network.

The initiative aims to connect the economic megaregions of the U.S. to enhance their productivity and global competitiveness. Thus, rise in investment in high-speed rail projects is augmenting the high-speed rail coating market dynamics.

R&D of Advanced Coatings Fueling Market Progress

In desert areas, sand causes various damage to ballasted railway tracks such as corrosion to railway fastening systems. These systems can corrode due to the movement of sand and the corrosive ions of salt, reducing the thickness of the components and their lifespan.

Advanced coatings are required to overcome these issues. Nano-coatings have demonstrated the potential to boost the resistance of various rail assets in harsh operating environments.

Antimicrobial copper coatings help prevent infections in coaches. These coatings ginned traction post the COVID-19 pandemic.

Major railway industries across the globe started utilizing antimicrobial copper coatings on door handles and other touching points in trains. Hence, R&D of advanced coatings is contributing to the high-speed rail coating market growth.

Regional Outlook

Attribute Detail
Leading Region Asia Pacific

According to the latest high-speed rail coating market analysis, Asia Pacific held largest share in 2023. Rise in investment in rail infrastructure is boosting the market statistics in the region.

In 2023, China and Tajikistan, in a joint statement, announced to continue to promote the construction of railway and highway transportation corridors to strengthen connectivity of the regional transportation infrastructure.

Surge in deployment of high-speed rail is also driving the high-speed rail coating market share in Asia Pacific. In 2023, Indonesia launched high-speed rail from Jakarta to Bandung. The rail reduces travel time from two to three hours by conventional railway to just 40 minutes using the bullet train.

The high-speed rail coating market trajectory in Europe is also driven by increase in the number of high-speed trains.

In 2023, Hitachi Rail signed a contract worth € 861 Mn with Trenitalia for the supply of 30 new ETR1000 high-speed trains, with an option for a further ten trains for an additional € 287 Mn. The new trains can run on the Italian and European networks and are due to be delivered in spring 2026.

Analysis of Key Players

Major players in the global high-speed rail coating market are focused on the development of sustainable products. These advanced aerodynamic train coatings boost safety and operational efficiency.

Axalta Coating Systems, Akzo Nobel N.V., ALSTOM SA, BASF SE, Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd., GLS Coatings Ltd., and Henkel AG & Co. KGaA are major players operating in the high-speed rail coating industry.

These companies have been profiled in the high-speed rail coating market report based on various parameters including company overview, business segments, product portfolio, recent developments, business strategies, and financial overview.

Key Developments

  • In June 2024, Advanced Polymer Coatings (APC) launched TriFLEX, its new exterior coating system for the rail sector. The new direct-to-metal coating system combines three powerful resin systems, offering superior chemical resistance for maximum protection and enhanced mechanical toughness.
  • In March 2024, Alstom announced plans to operate a new passenger rail service across England and Wales

High-speed Rail Coating Market Snapshot

Attribute Detail
Market Size in 2023 US$ 736.7 Mn
Market Forecast (Value) in 2034 US$ 1.3 Bn
Growth Rate (CAGR) 5.2%
Forecast Period 2024-2034
Historical Data Available for 2020-2022
Quantitative Units US$ Mn/Bn for Value and Tons for Volume
Market Analysis It includes segment analysis as well as regional level analysis. Furthermore, qualitative analysis includes drivers, restraints, opportunities, key trends, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, value chain analysis, and key trend analysis.
Competition Landscape
  • Market share analysis by company (2023)
  • Company profiles section includes overview, product portfolio, sales footprint, key subsidiaries or distributors, strategy and recent developments, and key financials
Format Electronic (PDF) + Excel
Market Segmentation
  • By Material
    • Acrylic
    • Epoxy
    • Polyurethane
    • Plastisol
    • Polyester
    • Fluoropolymer
    • Others
  • By Technology
    • Water-based
    • Solvent-based
  • By Application
    • Passenger Train
    • Freight Train
Regions Covered
  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
  • Middle East & Africa
Countries Covered
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Germany
  • U.K.
  • France
  • Italy
  • Russia & CIS
  • Japan
  • China
  • India
  • ASEAN
  • Brazil
  • Mexico
  • South Africa
  • GCC
Companies Profiled
  • Axalta Coating Systems
  • Akzo Nobel N.V.
  • ALSTOM SA
  • BASF SE
  • Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd.
  • GLS Coatings Ltd.
  • Henkel AG & Co. KGaA
Customization Scope Available upon request
Pricing Available upon request

Frequently Asked Questions

How big was the global high-speed rail coating market in 2023?

It was valued at US$ 736.7 Bn in 2023

How is the high-speed rail coating industry expected to grow during the forecast period?

It is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2024 to 2034

What are the key factors driving the demand for high-speed rail coatings?

Increase in investment in high-speed rail projects and R&D of advanced coatings

Which was the major region in the global high-speed rail coating landscape in 2023?

Asia Pacific was the leading region in 2023

Who are the prominent high-speed rail coating manufacturers?

Axalta Coating Systems, Akzo Nobel N.V., ALSTOM SA, BASF SE, Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd., GLS Coatings Ltd., and Henkel AG & Co. KGaA

    1. Executive Summary

        1.1. Global Market Outlook

        1.2. Demand Side Trends

        1.3. Key Facts and Figures

        1.4. Trends Impacting Market

        1.5. TMR’s Growth Opportunity Wheel

    2. Market Overview

        2.1. Market Segmentation

        2.2. Key Developments

        2.3. Market Definitions

        2.4. Key Market Trends

        2.5. Market Dynamics

            2.5.1. Drivers

            2.5.2. Restraints

            2.5.3. Opportunities

        2.6. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Analysis and Forecast, 2020-2034

            2.6.1. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons)

            2.6.2. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Revenue (US$ Mn)

        2.7. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

        2.8. Regulatory Analysis

        2.9. Value Chain Analysis

            2.9.1. List of Raw Material Suppliers

            2.9.2. List of Key Manufacturers

            2.9.3. List of Suppliers/ Distributors

            2.9.4. List of Potential Customers

        2.10. Product Specification Analysis

        2.11. Overview of Manufacturing Process

        2.12. Cost Structure Analysis

    3. Economic Recovery Analysis Post COVID-19 Impact

        3.1. Impact on Supply Chain of High-speed Rail Coating

        3.2. Recovery in Demand for High-speed Rail Coating -Post Crisis

    4. Production Output Analysis, 2023

        4.1. North America

        4.2. Europe

        4.3. Asia Pacific

        4.4. Latin America

        4.5. Middle East & Africa

    5. Impact of Current Geopolitical Scenario on Market

    6. Price Trend Analysis and Forecast (US$/Tons), 2020-2034

        6.1. Price Trend Analysis by Material

        6.2. Price Trend Analysis by Region

    7. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Analysis and Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

        7.1. Introduction and Definitions

        7.2. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            7.2.1. Acrylic

            7.2.2. Epoxy

            7.2.3. Polyurethane

            7.2.4. Plastisol

            7.2.5. Polyester

            7.2.6. Fluoropolymer

            7.2.7. Others

        7.3. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Material

    8. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Analysis and Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

        8.1. Introduction and Definitions

        8.2. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            8.2.1. Water-based

            8.2.2. Solvent-based

        8.3. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Technology

    9. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Analysis and Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        9.1. Introduction and Definitions

        9.2. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            9.2.1. Passenger Train

            9.2.2. Freight Train

        9.3. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Application

    10. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Analysis and Forecast, by Region, 2020-2034

        10.1. Key Findings

        10.2. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2034

            10.2.1. North America

            10.2.2. Europe

            10.2.3. Asia Pacific

            10.2.4. Middle East & Africa

            10.2.5. Latin America

        10.3. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Region

    11. North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Analysis and Forecast, 2020-2034

        11.1. Key Findings

        11.2. North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

        11.3. North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

        11.4. North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        11.5. North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2034

            11.5.1. U.S. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            11.5.2. U.S. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            11.5.3. U.S. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            11.5.4. Canada High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            11.5.5. Canada High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            11.5.6. Canada High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        11.6. North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness Analysis

    12. Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Analysis and Forecast, 2020-2034

        12.1. Key Findings

        12.2. Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

        12.3. Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

        12.4. Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        12.5. Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

            12.5.1. Germany High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            12.5.2. Germany High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            12.5.3. Germany High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            12.5.4. France High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            12.5.5. France High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            12.5.6. France High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            12.5.7. U.K. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            12.5.8. U.K. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            12.5.9. U.K. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            12.5.10. Italy High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            12.5.11. Italy. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            12.5.12. Italy High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            12.5.13. Russia & CIS High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            12.5.14. Russia & CIS High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            12.5.15. Russia & CIS High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            12.5.16. Rest of Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            12.5.17. Rest of Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            12.5.18. Rest of Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        12.6. Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness Analysis

    13. Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Analysis and Forecast, 2020-2034

        13.1. Key Findings

        13.2. Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material

        13.3. Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

        13.4. Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        13.5. Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

            13.5.1. China High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            13.5.2. China High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            13.5.3. China High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            13.5.4. Japan High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            13.5.5. Japan High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            13.5.6. Japan High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            13.5.7. India High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            13.5.8. India High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            13.5.9. India High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            13.5.10. ASEAN High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            13.5.11. ASEAN High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            13.5.12. ASEAN High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            13.5.13. Rest of Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            13.5.14. Rest of Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            13.5.15. Rest of Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        13.6. Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness Analysis

    14. Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Analysis and Forecast, 2020-2034

        14.1. Key Findings

        14.2. Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

        14.3. Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

        14.4. Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        14.5. Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

            14.5.1. Brazil High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            14.5.2. Brazil High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            14.5.3. Brazil High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            14.5.4. Mexico High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            14.5.5. Mexico High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            14.5.6. Mexico High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            14.5.7. Rest of Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            14.5.8. Rest of Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            14.5.9. Rest of Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        14.6. Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness Analysis

    15. Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Analysis and Forecast, 2020-2034

        15.1. Key Findings

        15.2. Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

        15.3. Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

        15.4. Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        15.5. Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

            15.5.1. GCC High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            15.5.2. GCC High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            15.5.3. GCC High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            15.5.4. South Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            15.5.5. South Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            15.5.6. South Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

            15.5.7. Rest of Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

            15.5.8. Rest of Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

            15.5.9. Rest of Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

        15.6. Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness Analysis

    16. Competition Landscape

        16.1. Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Company Share Analysis, 2023

        16.2. Company Profiles

            16.2.1. Axalta Coating Systems

                16.2.1.1. Company Description

                16.2.1.2. Business Overview

                16.2.1.3. Financial Overview

                16.2.1.4. Strategic Overview

            16.2.2. Akzo Nobel N.V.

                16.2.2.1. Company Description

                16.2.2.2. Business Overview

                16.2.2.3. Financial Overview

                16.2.2.4. Strategic Overview

            16.2.3. ALSTOM SA

                16.2.3.1. Company Description

                16.2.3.2. Business Overview

                16.2.3.3. Financial Overview

                16.2.3.4. Strategic Overview

            16.2.4. BASF SE

                16.2.4.1. Company Description

                16.2.4.2. Business Overview

                16.2.4.3. Financial Overview

                16.2.4.4. Strategic Overview

            16.2.5. Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd.

                16.2.5.1. Company Description

                16.2.5.2. Business Overview

                16.2.5.3. Financial Overview

                16.2.5.4. Strategic Overview

            16.2.6. GLS Coatings Ltd.

                16.2.6.1. Company Description

                16.2.6.2. Business Overview

                16.2.6.3. Financial Overview

                16.2.6.4. Strategic Overview

            16.2.7. Henkel AG & Co. KGaA

                16.2.7.1. Company Description

                16.2.7.2. Business Overview

                16.2.7.3. Financial Overview

                16.2.7.4. Strategic Overview

    17. Primary Research: Key Insights

    18. Appendix

    List of Tables

    Table 01: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 02: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 03: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 04: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 05: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 06: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 07: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Region, 2020-2034

    Table 08: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2034

    Table 09: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 10: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 11: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 12: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 13: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 14: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 15: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Country, 2020-2034

    Table 16: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2034

    Table 17: U.S. High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 18: U.S. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 19: U.S. High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 20: U.S. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 21: U.S. High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 22: U.S. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 23: Canada High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 24: Canada High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 25: Canada High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 26: Canada High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 27: Canada High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 28: Canada High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 29: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 30: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 31: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 32: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 33: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 34: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 35: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

    Table 36: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

    Table 37: Germany High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 38: Germany High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 39: Germany High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 40: Germany High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 41: Germany High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 42: Germany High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 43: France High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 44: France High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 45: France High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 46: France High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 47: France High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 48: France High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 49: U.K. High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 50: U.K. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 51: U.K. High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 52: U.K. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 53: U.K. High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 54: U.K. High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 55: Italy High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 56: Italy High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 57: Italy High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 58: Italy High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 59: Italy High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 60: Italy High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 61: Russia & CIS High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 62: Russia & CIS High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 63: Russia & CIS High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 64: Russia & CIS High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 65: Russia & CIS High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 66: Russia & CIS High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 67: Rest of Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 68: Rest of Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 69: Rest of Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 70: Rest of Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 71: Rest of Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 72: Rest of Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 73: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 74: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 75: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 76: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 77: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 78: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 79: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

    Table 80: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

    Table 81: China High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 82: China High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material 2020-2034

    Table 83: China High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 84: China High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 85: China High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 86: China High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 87: Japan High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 88: Japan High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 89: Japan High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 90: Japan High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 91: Japan High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 92: Japan High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 93: India High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 94: India High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 95: India High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 96: India High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 97: India High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 98: India High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 99: India High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 100: India High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application 2020-2034

    Table 101: ASEAN High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 102: ASEAN High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 103: ASEAN High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 104: ASEAN High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 105: ASEAN High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 106: ASEAN High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 107: Rest of Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 108: Rest of Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 109: Rest of Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 110: Rest of Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 111: Rest of Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 112: Rest of Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 113: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 114: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 115: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 116: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 117: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 118: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 119: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

    Table 120: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

    Table 121: Brazil High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 122: Brazil High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 123: Brazil High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 124: Brazil High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 125: Brazil High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 126: Brazil High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 127: Mexico High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 128: Mexico High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 129: Mexico High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 130: Mexico High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 131: Mexico High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 132: Mexico High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 133: Rest of Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 134: Rest of Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 135: Rest of Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 136: Rest of Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 137: Rest of Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 138: Rest of Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 139: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 140: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 141: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 142: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 143: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 144: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 145: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

    Table 146: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2020-2034

    Table 147: GCC High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 148: GCC High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 149: GCC High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 150: GCC High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 151: GCC High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 152: GCC High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 153: South Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 154: South Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 155: South Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 156: South Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 157: South Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 158: South Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 159: Rest of Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 160: Rest of Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2034

    Table 161: Rest of Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 162: Rest of Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2034

    Table 163: Rest of Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    Table 164: Rest of Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2034

    List of Figures

    Figure 01: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Material, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 02: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Material

    Figure 03: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Technology, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 04: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Technology

    Figure 05: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Application, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 06: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Application

    Figure 07: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Region, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 08: Global High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Region

    Figure 09: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Material, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 10: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Material

    Figure 11: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Technology, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 12: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Technology

    Figure 13: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Application, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 14: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Application

    Figure 15: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Country, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 16: North America High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Country

    Figure 17: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Material, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 18: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Material

    Figure 19: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Technology, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 20: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Technology

    Figure 21: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Application, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 22: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Application

    Figure 23: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Country and Sub-region, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 24: Europe High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Country and Sub-region

    Figure 25: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Material, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 26: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Material

    Figure 27: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Technology, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 28: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Technology

    Figure 29: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Application, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 30: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Application

    Figure 31: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Country and Sub-region, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 32: Asia Pacific High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Country and Sub-region

    Figure 33: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Material, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 34: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Material

    Figure 35: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Technology, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 36: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Technology

    Figure 37: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Application, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 38: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Application

    Figure 39: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Country and Sub-region, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 40: Latin America High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Country and Sub-region

    Figure 41: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Material, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 42: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Material

    Figure 43: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Technology, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 44: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Technology

    Figure 45: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Application, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 46: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Application

    Figure 47: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Volume Share Analysis, by Country and Sub-region, 2023, 2025, and 2034

    Figure 48: Middle East & Africa High-speed Rail Coating Market Attractiveness, by Country and Sub-region

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